Injection Mold China Maker
A few nice plastic mould china pictures I discovered:
Packaging Patriotism: July 4th
Image by cobalt123
A set of pictures showing enticements to buyers to buy these desserts for vacation entertaining. There are notes on every of the image tiles. Really feel cost-free to add you personal there! This is big in the Photoshop project, but worth a view at original size, here. Would any of these treats make you want to get them?
Plastic molding factory, China
Image by Ferrous Femur
A couple of good china mold producing images I identified:
Then and Now® Bathing Suit Barbie® – Created in China
Image by Charles (dollstuff.net)
This version of Then and Now® Bathing Suit Barbie® was created in China. Click right here to see one of the versions that was made in Indonesia.
Plastic moulds are moulds created of plastic pallets to produce a desired type for utilizes in various industries. Plastic is an artificially created synthetic compound that can be given any shape or size, primarily based on requirements. Plastic is an crucial portion of our everyday life and is extensively utilised in diverse industries for domestic as properly as industrial usage. Plastic moulding is a process where the plastic polymer is fed into a machine, heated to liquefy, and poured into custom created rigid moulds to get a preferred form. Later, following cooling, the plastic becomes difficult and the moulds are removed to receive the plastic moulds.
Various industries appear for plastic moulds as it is far more reasonable and handy to use plastic alternatively of metals and alloys. Plastic is regarded as to be more durable, corrosion-cost-free, low maintenance and light weighted. Also, it does not put on out or react with air or moisture present in the environment. It saves a lot of energy and manpower as well. So, plastic became an apparent choice for industries searching for for bulk production of custom created moulds for different purposes.
Pipe fitting mould is a plastic mould that is formed to meet the requirements of the pipe fitting business. It also caters to the wants of numerous other industries like automotive, furniture and fixtures, construction, health-related and household equipments so on and so forth. There are several diverse processes of plastic moulding. For pipe fitting mould to create, the blow moulding technique is adapted. In this method, the liquid polymer is poured from a barrel into a hollow tube to give the plastic the similar type. When cooled, the plastic gets the shape of the hollow tube. This method needs far more equipments and infrastructure than injection moulding. It also demands skilled labor and knowledge to carry out the processes successfully.
China mould producers are deemed the most competitive lot of suppliers to create and supply very good quality plastic moulds at a pocket-friendly value. Thinking about the large competition amongst producers and suppliers, each and every China mould manufacturer spends a lot of time and money to adopt the most current strategies and state of the art equipments. Their prime concentrate is to provide the ideal top quality products at competitive prices and maintain a great partnership with the customers. As word of mouth plays an essential function in this market to acquire new clientele, the suppliers from China are client friendly with a strong inclination towards good quality.
The suppliers are also aware of the environmental hazards and health dangers with regards to plastic manufacturing and processing. So, they take unique care in recycling and waste management to avoid the factory emissions and wastes to pollute the atmosphere.
Some cool plastic tooling china images:
Xatarra i xinet
Image by art_es_anna
LA ALDEA CHINA QUE CAMBIÓ ARROZ POR CHATARRA.
El 80% de lo habitantes de Guiyu sobreviven gracias al desguace de artículos electrónicos poniendo en riesgo su salud
Un niño rodeado de escombros de cables y basura electrónica. EFE.
Efe, Pekín (China)
Los habitantes de Guiyu, en la desarrollada costa china, han abandonado el cultivo del arroz como medio de vida por un negocio mucho más rentable pero implacable con su salud y el medio ambiente: el reciclaje de la basura electrónica del resto del mundo.
El 70% de los desechos electrónicos del planeta están en China y buena parte de ellos llegan, en violación de la Convención de Basilea, desde los países desarrollados hasta el puerto de Nanhai, en la provincia suroriental de Cantón.
Desde allí, una red ilegal de importadores los transportan a la pequeña localidad de Guiyu.
Entre colinas de teclados, cables y placas, hombre, mujeres y niños funden y destripan restos de artículos electrónicos, sobre todo ordenadores, sin apenas protección, lo que les convierte en presa fácil de las 700 sustancias tóxicas incluidas en esos objetos.
Con las manos desnudas, el 80% de los 150.000 habitantes de Guiyu buscan materiales como cobre, plástico o acero, que luego venden a los mercaderes de segunda mano.
"Muchos emigrantes rurales han llegado hasta Guiyu atraídos por unos salarios de entre dos y tres dólares la hora, muy superiores a lo que ganan en el campo", explica Jamie Choi, responsable de campaña de Greenpeace. "Tienen que elegir entre tener suficiente dinero para vivir o su salud", añade.
Nocivo para la salud
En este gran vertedero de la sociedad de la información apenas se usan máscaras y la herramienta más avanzada tiene forma de taladro, afirma.
Los perjuicios para la salud tienen un exponente demoledor: el 80% de los niños de Guiyu presentan niveles altos de plomo en la sangre, lo que causa en daños en el sistema nervioso y reproductor, según constató un estudio de la cercana Universidad de Shantou.
"Los niños, sobre todo los hijos de los emigrantes, se dedican a hacer las labores más sencillas. Están 24 horas trabajando, respirando, jugando con los materiales peligrosos", explica Choi.
Entre tanto, Wu Yuping, de la Administración Estatal de Medio Ambiente (SEPA), subraya que "no se puede encontrar agua potable en 50 kilómetros a la redonda", debido a que las sustancias tóxicas se amontonan en las riberas del río y se filtran de forma subterránea.
En 1994, la Convención de Basilea, suscrita por casi todos los países desarrollados menos Estados Unidos, prohibió la exportación de desechos peligrosos de los países ricos a los pobres, incluidos los destinados al reciclaje, pero su aplicación ha mostrado muchas lagunas.
"Greenpeace ha visto barcos que parten de Holanda a China, cargados de residuos electrónicos", dice Choi.
Y muchos llegan a Guiyu.
De vuelta al ‘primer mundo’
Entre las labores cotidianas está la de desarmar placas madre en un hornillo casero de carbón en busca de los codiciados chips, que contienen oro.
O también fundir las carcasas de los ordenadores para transformar el tóxico PVC en piezas que se destinan a objetos que, curiosamente, vuelven a acabar en el mundo occidental: las flores de plástico.
Cada año el planeta genera entre 20 y 50 millones de toneladas de desechos electrónicos, de acuerdo con datos del Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente:el 80% acaba en Asia y de ese porcentaje el 90% llega a China.
Aunque Guiyu es el más célebre, hay otros vertederos de este tipo en Longtan y Tali, también en Cantón, en Taizhou (provincia de Zhejiang) y en la vecina Hunan, según alerta la SEPA.
Si bien la mayoría de los desechos proceden de los países ricos, China genera cada año 1,1 millones de toneladas, una cifra que se multiplica a medida que aumenta el nivel de vida.
"En los suburbios de ciudades como Pekín o Tianjin hay pequeñas chabolas dedicadas a desarmar objetos electrónicos que acaban en Guiyu", subraya Choi.
El Gobierno estudia un proyecto de ley para que los fabricantes de ordenadores, televisores, refrigeradores, lavadoras y aires acondicionados chinos se responsabilicen de reciclar sus productos.
Esa medida responde a las peticiones de los ecologistas, que consideran que son los fabricantes quienes tienen que asumir la responsabilidad por sus productos.
Sin embargo, dicen, no habrá solución definitiva sin pasos como el dado el año pasado por la Unión Europea: prohibir el uso de plomo, mercurio, cadmio, cromo hexavalente, bifenilos policromados y éter de bifenilo policromado en los aparatos electrónicos.
Hake me hizo reflexionar sobre este tema :
www.flickr.com/photographs/hake/415111783/?#comment72157594578…
THE CHINESE VILLAGE THAT CHANGED RICE BY SCRAP IRON. 80% of the inhabitants of Guiyu survive thanks to the electronic report taking apart putting in threat their wellness a boy surrounded by rubbish of cables and electronic sweepings. EFE. Efe, Beijing (Chinese) the inhabitants of Guiyu, in the created Chinese coast, has left the culture of the rice like means of life by a lucrative but a lot a lot more implacable organization with their overall health and the medio.ambiente: the recycling of the electronic sweepings of the rest of the world. 70% of the electronic remainders of the planet are in China and excellent portion of them arrives, in violation of the Convention of Basel, from the countries developed to the port of Nanhai, in the suroriental province of Corner. From there, an illegal network of importers transports them to the modest locality of Guiyu. Amongst hills of keyboards, cables and plates, man, ladies and young children discovered and gut rest of electronic articles, mainly computer systems, with out hardly protection, which turns to them simple prey of the 700 toxic substances including in these objects. With the naked hands, 80% of the 150,000 inhabitants of Guiyu look for components as it receives, plastic or steel, that quickly sell the merchants of second hand. "Many rural emigrants have arrived till Guiyu attracted by wages from between two and 3 dollars the hour, very superior to which they win in the field", explains Jamie Choi, individual in charge of campaign of Greenpeace. "They must select between obtaining enough income to live or its well being", adds. Injurious for the well being In this great garbage dump of the society of the info as quickly as masks are utilized and the tool much more outpost has drill type, affirms. The damages for the wellness have a demolishing exponent: 80% of the young children of Guiyu present/display high lead levels in the blood, which lead to in damages in the nervous and reproductive technique, according to stated a study of the near University of Shantou. "the young children, mostly the kids of the emigrants, dedicate themselves to make the workings simplest. 24 hours are working, breathing, playing with the dangerous materials ", explains Choi. In the meantime, Wu Yuping, of the State Administration of Medio.ambiente (IT KNOWS), emphasizes that "potable water in 50 kilometers to the round 1 can not be identified", simply because the toxic substances crowd in the shores of the river and they filter of underground type. In 1994, the Convention of Basel, subscribed by virtually all the developed nations less United States, prohibited the export of unsafe remainders of the rich nations to the poor males, such as the destined a single to the recycling, but its application has shown several lagoons. "Greenpeace has noticed boats that leave from Holland for China, loaded of electronic remainders", says Choi. And many arrive at Guiyu. Of return to ‘ 1st mundó In between the everyday workings she is the a single to disarm plates mother in a homemade coal small furnace in search of coveted the Chips, that include gold. Or also to fuse the housings of the computer systems to transform toxic PVC into pieces that are destined to objects that, peculiarly, return to finish in the western globe: the plastic flowers. Each year the planet generates between 20 and 50 million tons of electronic remainders, in agreement with information of the System of Nations United for the Indicates Ambiente:el 80% finish in Asia and from that percentage 90% arrive at China. Though Guiyu is most famous, is other garbage dumps of this kind in Longtan and Tali, also in Corner, Taizhou (province of Zhejiang) and in the Hunan neighbor, according to alert KNOWS it. Even though most of the remainders they come from the rich countries, Chinese generates each year 1.1 million tons, a number that is multiplied as it increases the common of life. "In the suburbs of cities as Beijing or Tianjin are small committed shacks to disarm electronic objects that finish in Guiyu", it emphasizes Choi. The Government research a law project so that the producers of computers, tv sets, refrigerators, washing machines and conditioneds air Chinese take duty to recycle their goods. That measurement responds to requests of the ecologists, who think about that they are the makers whom they have to assume the responsibility by his items. Nonetheless, they say, will be definitive remedy with no passages like the dice no the year last via the European Union: to prohibit the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalente chromium, policromados bifenilos and ether of bifenilo policromado in the electronic devices. Hake produced me reflect on this topic: www.flickr.com/photographs/hake/415111783/?#comment72157594578...
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: SR-71 Blackbird (tail view)
Image by Chris Devers
See a lot more photographs of this, and the Wikipedia post.
Information, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird:
No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated globally in more hostile airspace or with such full impunity than the SR-71, the world’s fastest jet-propelled aircraft. The Blackbird’s overall performance and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technologies developments for the duration of the Cold War.
This Blackbird accrued about two,800 hours of flight time for the duration of 24 years of active service with the U.S. Air Force. On its final flight, March six, 1990, Lt. Col. Ed Yielding and Lt. Col. Joseph Vida set a speed record by flying from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., in 1 hour, 4 minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging three,418 kilometers (2,124 miles) per hour. At the flight’s conclusion, they landed at Washington-Dulles International Airport and turned the airplane more than to the Smithsonian.
Transferred from the United States Air Force.
Manufacturer:
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Designer:
Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson
Date:
1964
Nation of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
All round: 18ft five 15/16in. x 55ft 7in. x 107ft 5in., 169998.5lb. (5.638m x 16.942m x 32.741m, 77110.8kg)
Other: 18ft 5 15/16in. x 107ft 5in. x 55ft 7in. (5.638m x 32.741m x 16.942m)
Materials:
Titanium
Physical Description:
Twin-engine, two-seat, supersonic strategic reconnaissance aircraft airframe constructed largley of titanium and its alloys vertical tail fins are constructed of a composite (laminated plastic-sort material) to minimize radar cross-section Pratt and Whitney J58 (JT11D-20B) turbojet engines feature massive inlet shock cones.
Extended Description:
No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated in a lot more hostile airspace or with such full impunity than the SR-71 Blackbird. It is the quickest aircraft propelled by air-breathing engines. The Blackbird’s efficiency and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technologies developments throughout the Cold War. The airplane was conceived when tensions with communist Eastern Europe reached levels approaching a full-blown crisis in the mid-1950s. U.S. military commanders desperately required accurate assessments of Soviet worldwide military deployments, particularly near the Iron Curtain. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation’s subsonic U-two (see NASM collection) reconnaissance aircraft was an in a position platform but the U. S. Air Force recognized that this reasonably slow aircraft was currently vulnerable to Soviet interceptors. They also understood that the fast improvement of surface-to-air missile systems could place U-2 pilots at grave danger. The danger proved reality when a U-2 was shot down by a surface to air missile more than the Soviet Union in 1960.
Lockheed’s very first proposal for a new higher speed, higher altitude, reconnaissance aircraft, to be capable of avoiding interceptors and missiles, centered on a design and style propelled by liquid hydrogen. This proved to be impracticable due to the fact of considerable fuel consumption. Lockheed then reconfigured the style for standard fuels. This was feasible and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), already flying the Lockheed U-2, issued a production contract for an aircraft designated the A-12. Lockheed’s clandestine ‘Skunk Works’ division (headed by the gifted design and style engineer Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson) made the A-12 to cruise at Mach 3.two and fly nicely above 18,288 m (60,000 feet). To meet these difficult needs, Lockheed engineers overcame a lot of daunting technical challenges. Flying far more than three times the speed of sound generates 316° C (600° F) temperatures on external aircraft surfaces, which are sufficient to melt standard aluminum airframes. The design team chose to make the jet’s external skin of titanium alloy to which shielded the internal aluminum airframe. Two standard, but really potent, afterburning turbine engines propelled this remarkable aircraft. These energy plants had to operate across a massive speed envelope in flight, from a takeoff speed of 334 kph (207 mph) to a lot more than 3,540 kph (two,200 mph). To avoid supersonic shock waves from moving inside the engine intake causing flameouts, Johnson’s group had to design and style a complicated air intake and bypass technique for the engines.
Skunk Works engineers also optimized the A-12 cross-section style to exhibit a low radar profile. Lockheed hoped to attain this by cautiously shaping the airframe to reflect as tiny transmitted radar energy (radio waves) as possible, and by application of special paint made to absorb, rather than reflect, those waves. This remedy became a single of the 1st applications of stealth technology, but it never ever entirely met the design and style ambitions.
Test pilot Lou Schalk flew the single-seat A-12 on April 24, 1962, soon after he became airborne accidentally in the course of high-speed taxi trials. The airplane showed great guarantee but it needed considerable technical refinement ahead of the CIA could fly the initial operational sortie on Might 31, 1967 – a surveillance flight more than North Vietnam. A-12s, flown by CIA pilots, operated as portion of the Air Force’s 1129th Specific Activities Squadron beneath the "Oxcart" plan. Even though Lockheed continued to refine the A-12, the U. S. Air Force ordered an interceptor version of the aircraft designated the YF-12A. The Skunk Functions, nonetheless, proposed a "specific mission" version configured to conduct post-nuclear strike reconnaissance. This method evolved into the USAF’s familiar SR-71.
Lockheed built fifteen A-12s, like a unique two-seat trainer version. Two A-12s were modified to carry a particular reconnaissance drone, designated D-21. The modified A-12s were redesignated M-21s. These were created to take off with the D-21 drone, powered by a Marquart ramjet engine mounted on a pylon between the rudders. The M-21 then hauled the drone aloft and launched it at speeds high sufficient to ignite the drone’s ramjet motor. Lockheed also built three YF-12As but this sort in no way went into production. Two of the YF-12As crashed for the duration of testing. Only 1 survives and is on show at the USAF Museum in Dayton, Ohio. The aft section of one of the "written off" YF-12As which was later used along with an SR-71A static test airframe to manufacture the sole SR-71C trainer. A single SR-71 was lent to NASA and designated YF-12C. Such as the SR-71C and two SR-71B pilot trainers, Lockheed constructed thirty-two Blackbirds. The very first SR-71 flew on December 22, 1964. Because of intense operational costs, military strategists decided that the more capable USAF SR-71s should replace the CIA’s A-12s. These had been retired in 1968 soon after only 1 year of operational missions, largely more than southeast Asia. The Air Force’s 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (element of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing) took over the missions, flying the SR-71 starting in the spring of 1968.
Right after the Air Force started to operate the SR-71, it acquired the official name Blackbird– for the unique black paint that covered the airplane. This paint was formulated to absorb radar signals, to radiate some of the tremendous airframe heat generated by air friction, and to camouflage the aircraft against the dark sky at higher altitudes.
Knowledge gained from the A-12 system convinced the Air Force that flying the SR-71 safely essential two crew members, a pilot and a Reconnaissance Systems Officer (RSO). The RSO operated with the wide array of monitoring and defensive systems installed on the airplane. This gear integrated a sophisticated Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) method that could jam most acquisition and targeting radar. In addition to an array of advanced, higher-resolution cameras, the aircraft could also carry gear created to record the strength, frequency, and wavelength of signals emitted by communications and sensor devices such as radar. The SR-71 was created to fly deep into hostile territory, avoiding interception with its tremendous speed and higher altitude. It could operate safely at a maximum speed of Mach three.3 at an altitude much more than sixteen miles, or 25,908 m (85,000 ft), above the earth. The crew had to put on stress suits similar to these worn by astronauts. These suits were required to safeguard the crew in the event of sudden cabin stress loss even though at operating altitudes.
To climb and cruise at supersonic speeds, the Blackbird’s Pratt & Whitney J-58 engines had been created to operate constantly in afterburner. Even though this would appear to dictate higher fuel flows, the Blackbird truly achieved its ideal "gas mileage," in terms of air nautical miles per pound of fuel burned, throughout the Mach three+ cruise. A typical Blackbird reconnaissance flight may possibly need numerous aerial refueling operations from an airborne tanker. Every single time the SR-71 refueled, the crew had to descend to the tanker’s altitude, normally about 6,000 m to 9,000 m (20,000 to 30,000 ft), and slow the airplane to subsonic speeds. As velocity decreased, so did frictional heat. This cooling effect caused the aircraft’s skin panels to shrink considerably, and these covering the fuel tanks contracted so significantly that fuel leaked, forming a distinctive vapor trail as the tanker topped off the Blackbird. As quickly as the tanks were filled, the jet’s crew disconnected from the tanker, relit the afterburners, and once more climbed to higher altitude.
Air Force pilots flew the SR-71 from Kadena AB, Japan, all through its operational career but other bases hosted Blackbird operations, as well. The 9th SRW occasionally deployed from Beale AFB, California, to other places to carryout operational missions. Cuban missions were flown straight from Beale. The SR-71 did not commence to operate in Europe till 1974, and then only temporarily. In 1982, when the U.S. Air Force primarily based two aircraft at Royal Air Force Base Mildenhall to fly monitoring mission in Eastern Europe.
When the SR-71 became operational, orbiting reconnaissance satellites had currently replaced manned aircraft to gather intelligence from web sites deep within Soviet territory. Satellites could not cover each geopolitical hotspot so the Blackbird remained a important tool for worldwide intelligence gathering. On many occasions, pilots and RSOs flying the SR-71 offered details that proved vital in formulating successful U. S. foreign policy. Blackbird crews offered critical intelligence about the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and its aftermath, and pre- and post-strike imagery of the 1986 raid conducted by American air forces on Libya. In 1987, Kadena-primarily based SR-71 crews flew a number of missions more than the Persian Gulf, revealing Iranian Silkworm missile batteries that threatened industrial shipping and American escort vessels.
As the overall performance of space-based surveillance systems grew, along with the effectiveness of ground-primarily based air defense networks, the Air Force began to lose enthusiasm for the pricey program and the 9th SRW ceased SR-71 operations in January 1990. Despite protests by military leaders, Congress revived the system in 1995. Continued wrangling over operating budgets, nevertheless, quickly led to final termination. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration retained two SR-71As and the one particular SR-71B for higher-speed study projects and flew these airplanes till 1999.
On March six, 1990, the service profession of 1 Lockheed SR-71A Blackbird ended with a record-setting flight. This particular airplane bore Air Force serial number 64-17972. Lt. Col. Ed Yeilding and his RSO, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Vida, flew this aircraft from Los Angeles to Washington D.C. in 1 hour, 4 minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging a speed of 3,418 kph (2,124 mph). At the conclusion of the flight, ‘972 landed at Dulles International Airport and taxied into the custody of the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum. At that time, Lt. Col. Vida had logged 1,392.7 hours of flight time in Blackbirds, a lot more than that of any other crewman.
This certain SR-71 was also flown by Tom Alison, a former National Air and Space Museum’s Chief of Collections Management. Flying with Detachment 1 at Kadena Air Force Base, Okinawa, Alison logged far more than a dozen ‘972 operational sorties. The aircraft spent twenty-4 years in active Air Force service and accrued a total of two,801.1 hours of flight time.
Wingspan: 55’7"
Length: 107’5"
Height: 18’6"
Weight: 170,000 Lbs
Reference and Additional Reading:
Crickmore, Paul F. Lockheed SR-71: The Secret Missions Exposed. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996.
Francillon, Rene J. Lockheed Aircraft Considering that 1913. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987.
Johnson, Clarence L. Kelly: More Than My Share of It All. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.
Miller, Jay. Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Functions. Leicester, U.K.: Midland Counties Publishing Ltd., 1995.
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird curatorial file, Aeronautics Division, National Air and Space Museum.
DAD, 11-11-01
Check out these plastic injection china images:
Oh the joys of the open road!
Image by brizzle born and bred
Timeline of motoring history 1940 – 2008
1940
Car production in Britain is put on hold as most factories go over to munitions production.
The German Luftwaffe destroys the centre of Coventry.
Oldsmobile and Cadillac offer the first fully automatic transmission.
Enzo Ferrari leaves Alfa Romeo to establish Auto-Avio Costruzioni Ferrari.
In Japan, Toyo Kogyo produces its first passenger car.
1941
Lord Austin dies aged 74
Louis Chevrolet dies aged 63. He is buried at Indianapolis, scene of his greatest racing victories.
Packard are the first car manufacturer to offer air conditioning.
Chrysler introduces the Fluid Drive transmission, a manual transmission with a fluid coupling instead of a clutch.
1943
American passenger car production falls to just 139 vehicles as war production requirements take over.
1944
Volvo focus on occupant safety with the introduction of a safety cage.
Louis Renault is arrested and imprisoned for collaborating with the Germans. He dies at Fresnes prison in ‘suspicious circumstances’.
Enzo Ferrari’s Maranello workshops are bombed and destroyed.
1945
2nd World War in Europe ends with Germany’s unconditional surrender to the allies on May 7th.
In receivership since 1939, Triumph is acquired by Standard.
Petrol rationing in Britain continues.
Henry Ford resigns as president of The Ford Motor Company, handing over to his grandson, Henry Ford 11.
French President Charles de Gaulle nationalizes Renault and the company’s name is changed to Regié Nationale des Usines Renault.
The newly elected Socialist government ‘encourages’ manufacturers to export half their output. To counteract the consequential development of an illicit black-market car buyers are required to sign a covenant preventing the sale of new cars for one year.
1946
Newly designed post-war models are launched by British car makers Triumph, Armstrong-Siddeley, Jowett and Bentley as the British Motor Industry celebrates its fiftieth birthday.
Petrol ration for British motorists is increased by 50 per cent.
Ford of Britain produce their millionth car, an 8hp Anglia.
Michelin patent the Radial-ply tyre.
In light of negative wartime connotations William Lyons changes the name of SS Cars Ltd. to Jaguar Cars Ltd and begins to focus on export markets.
Enzo Ferrari rebuilds his bombed workshops and begins work on the development and production of the Ferrari 125 Sport. The first Ferrari hits the road!
1947
Packard offers power seats and windows across their range.
Ettore Bugatti dies in Paris aged 66.
The American car industry celebrates its Golden Jubilee.
Henry Ford dies at the age of 84.
BMW engine and car designs are ‘acquired’ by Bristol and Frazer-Nash as ‘war reparations’.
David Brown, already successful in the British engineering industry, sees an advertisement in The Times offering ‘A high-class motor business, established 25 years’ and pays £20.000 to buy Aston Martin. He has already purchased Lagonda, having owned a Lagonda Rapide himself in the past.
A new name, Standard-Vanguard, is introduced to the British public
Instead of taxing cars based on the 1906 RAC horsepower formula a flat- rate system is introduced.
Enzo Ferrari’s 125 Sport wins its first race. The first of many Ferrari victories.
1948
The first motor show since the end of the war takes place at Earls Court.
Morris introduce the Minor family car, designed by Alec Issigonis.
Jaguar Cars Ltd. announces the XK120 sports car featuring low, streamlined body, an outstanding twin overhead cam 6 cylinder engine and a top speed of 120mph. Alongside it the elegant MK 5 saloon (sedan) replaces the pre-war model known by enthusiasts, though not the company, as the MK 4.
Citoen introduce the 2CV, reputedly designed to accommodate gentlemen still wearing their hats and to drive across a ploughed field without breaking a cargo of eggs!
The American motor industry builds its 100,000,000th car.
Ferdinand Porsche launches the Porsche marque by introducing the 356/2 as a no-frills sports car re-working of his war-time Volkswagen project.
Developed along the well proven lines of the Willys Jeep, Rover introduce the 4 wheel drive Land Rover.
Buick offer the Dynaflow fully automatic gearbox. This is essentially the automatic gearbox as we know it today,
1949
Michelin ‘X’ radial-ply tyres go on sale for the first time.
1950
British government ends petrol rationing but doubles fuel tax.
The new car covenant, introduced to prevent a black market in new cars is extended from one to two years ownership.
The UK’s former double purchase tax on luxury cars is halved.
Ford wins back its second place in the US sales league from Chrysler.
Automatic transmission becomes available on lower priced Chevrolet models.
Goodyear offers self-repairing tyres (tires).
60% of American families now own a car.
6,657,000 cars are sold in the USA.
Rover demonstrates the JET 1 the world’s first gas turbine powered car.
Ford engineer Earle S MacPherson designs the MacPherson Strut, a combination of spring, shock absorber and stub-axle which simplifies design and production and reduces costs.
Ford UK introduces Consul and Zephyr models.
In the USA, automatic gearboxes become more readily available – Chevrolet offer the Powerglide, Ford the Fordomatic and Merc-O-Matic.
Nash feature seatbelts in the Rambler. The promoted benefits are that they ‘overcome the problems caused when sleeping passengers fall out of their seats’!
1951
Porsche enters a 356 SL in the Le Mans 24-Hours and wins the 1100cc class·
Ferdinand Porsche dies aged 75.
Lotus Engineering Co founded by aeronautical engineer and competitive sports car driver Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman.
100mph performance becomes available at realistic prices as Triumph announces the TR and the Healey introduces their 100/4 sports cars.
Chrysler offer power steering and the M-6 Torque-Converter Automatic. They also spark a horsepower race with the 180 horsepower, 331 cubic-inch Firepower Hemi V-8 engine.
Kaiser introduces new safety features, a pop-out windshield and a padded dashboard top.
Jaguar introduces the prototype C-Type race-car, aimed at winning Le Mans.
1952
In the USA, sales of cars with automatic transmissions exceed 2 million.
Crosley ceases production.
Rival manufacturers Nuffield organisation (Morris) and Austin comes to an end with their amalgamation into the British Motor Corporation (BMC) with Lord Nuffield in the driving seat.
Mercedes shows the spectacular 300SL ‘gull wing’ sports coupe.
Packard offer power brakes.
The newly developed disk braking system, now available from Dunlop, is fitted to Jaguar’s C Types, enabling them to achieve 1st, 2nd and 4th places at Le Mans.
1953
As wartime austerity begins to fade in the United Kingdom, the availability of higher octane fuels allows higher compression ratios and improvements in engine performance.
Singer announces the SMX Roadster, Britain’s first plastic-bodied production car. Only 12 are made before the project is abandoned.
Britain’s New Car Covenant Purchase Scheme, originally introduced to prevent new cars being sold-on at a premium, is abolished.
General Motors Launch the Corvette, a radical glass-fibre-bodied roadster concept car featuring a wrap-around windshield and powered by a venerable straight six engine. Production is limited.
Porsche introduces the 550 ‘Spyder’ race-car with a triangulated tubular steel chassis, aluminium bodywork and a VW-based 4 cylinder ‘boxer’ engins. 550 Spyders dominate the 1500cc class at Le Mans and then the same class in the Pan Americana, Mexican road race.
1954
The 50 millionth General Motors car rolls off the production line.
All Buick, Oldsmobile and Cadillac models feature wrap-around Panoramic windshields.
Ford introduces overhead valves on its V8 engines in Ford and Mercury models.
Nash merges with Hudson to form the American Motors Corporation.
Studebaker merges with Packard.
GM reveals the 370 horsepower turbine-powered Firebird I concept car.
The two seat Ford Thunderbird roadster is announced.
Lanchester offer the Sprite with automatic transmission, still a rarity in Europe.
Having re-established production of the ‘Beetle’ with much help from British Army personnel, Volkswagen start to focus on generating export sales.
Tubeless tyres (tires) are now offered on all new American cars.
Jaguar Cars replace the XK120 with the XK 140, featuring a 190 horsepower engine, mechanical refinements and chrome trim. The new Jaguar D Type race-car is introduced at Le Mans without success.
1955
The revolutionary Citroen DS19 is introduced with a futuristic aerodynamic body, self-levelling hydropneumatic suspension, power steering and braking and automatic jacks.
McDonald’s opens its first drive-thru hamburger bar.
Chrysler launches ‘Imperial’ as a separates brand.
Kaiser goes out of business.
American car sales hit a record 7,915,000. Jaguar launch the MK 1 Family sports saloon (sedan) to broaden their market appeal. They also win at Le Mans with a much improved D-type.
1956
Fuel supplies are seriously limited by the Suez crisis, resulting in rationing in Britain and other European countries and an upsurge of interest in economical micro-cars for personal transportation.
U.S. car stylists begin to adopt tail fins and rocket-shaped tail lamps as science fiction and space rockets enter the American consciousness.
The Ford Foundation offers over ten million Ford Motor Company shares for sale to the public.
BMC commissions Pininfarina to styles its new models.
Lanchester comes to the end of the road as Daimler discontinues production.
Ford of America offers seat belts to a disinterested public.
The "McKenna Duties" on luxury imports are finally abolished.
Jaguar D Type wins the Le Mans 24 Hours for a second successive year.
The Porsche 550A Spyder, a modified version of its predecessor, wins the Targa Florio road race on its debut, beating much more powerful competitors. It goes on to ‘wipe the floor’ at virtually every appearance.
1957
The Lotus Elite (Type 14) is announced, featuring a revolutionary glassfibre monocoque construction.
Ford Motor Company introduces the Continental Mark II, priced at almost ,000.
The three millionth Mercury comes off Ford’s production line.
Packard and Chrysler offer pushbutton automatic transmissions.
Packard offers power door locks.
Chrysler offers an in-car record player.
80% of all new cars sold in America have a V-8 engine.
The American Congress approves construction of the 41,000 mile Interstate highway system.
The Nash and Hudson marques are discontinued by parent company AMC.
A new Fiat 500 is introduced featuring a rear-mounted vertical twin-cylinder air cooled engine.
Chrysler produce their ten millionth Plymouth.
The new Ford Skyliner features a retractable hardtop, a ‘first’ for a production car.
Ford introduces the Ranchero pickup.
Chevrolet, Pontiac and Rambler adopt fuel injection.
66% of all cars purchased in the USA are bought on extended finance.
Jaguar introduce the XK 150 and a D Type wins the Le Mans 24 Hours for a third successive year.
1958
Work starts on the Ml ‘London to Birmingham’ Motorway, the UK’s first.
Roads around London are governed by a new 40mph speed limit.
To celebrate the fiftieth birthday of the Model T, Ford re-assembles a 1909 example.
Ford produce their fifty millionth car.
The revolutionary glassfibre Lotus Elite (Type 14) enters production. With all-round independent suspension and a 1,216 cc overhead cam Coventry Climax engine it has spectacular handling and is capable of 118mph! In spite of its success as a racecar Lotus will loose money on every one built.
With controversial styling and sophisticated features, the Ford Edsel is launched to a luke-warm reception.
Chrysler builds its twenty five millionth vehicle.
Packard production comes to an end.
The Austin-Healy ‘Frogeye’ Sprite is introduced.
The new chairman of BMC is Sir Leonard Lord.
A record one million cars are produced in Britain.
Toyotas and Datsuns are imported to the United States for the first time.
The Ford Thunderbird becomes a four-seater ‘personal luxury’ car.
American car sales drop by 31% due to an economic recession.
C F Kettering, inventor of the electric starter and Ethyl-Leaded Gasoline dies aged 82.
Porsche introduce the "RSK" Spyder, or Type 718 which continues to win class and outright honours in the hands of such drivers as Dan Gurney, Wolfgang von Trips and Jo Bonnier.
A fascination with the impending space-age inspires Cadillac to begin giving its new models fins and rocket-shaped taillights.
1959
UK Government reduces Purchase Tax on new cars from 60 to 50 per cent.
Triumph introduce the Michelotti styled Herald, featuring all round independent suspension.
Lea Francis go out of business.
NSU announce that they will build Wankel rotary engined cars.
Dutch manufacturer DAF begins car production, using the Variomatic belt-drive automatic transmission.
The M1, Britain’s first motorway is opened by The Right Honourable Ernest Marples, minister of Transport.
British Motor Corporation introduces the Morris Mini-Minor and Austin Se7en variants, built on separate production lines at Cowley, Oxford and Longbridge, Birmingam to a revolutionary compact design by Alec Issigonis. Whichever brand of ‘Mini’, it features a rubber-cone suspension system and a gearbox built into the engine, beneath the crankshaft. Perhaps the Mini’s most significant contribution to the packaging efficiency of modern front-wheel-drive cars is its transversely mounted engine.
Jaguar launches the MK II family sports saloon (sedan) to great acclaim.
The Ford Anglia arrives. It is a small family car with conventional mechanical layout. Its unusual feature is a reverse-slope rear window, which ensures good headroom for rear-seat passengers.
Studebaker introduces the Lark, a compact car intended to compete with European imports.
An Aston-Martin DBR 1, driven by Caroll Shelby and Roy Salvadori wins the Le Mans 24 hours.
1960
Eighty percent of United Stated families own at least one car.
The UK Daimler Company becomes part of Jaguar Cars.
The Japanese car industry manufactures 200,000 cars.
The Ford Anglia l05E is introduced with a four speed gearbox and a raked back rear window.
OPEC (The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) is formed to give the oil producing countries more power over crude oil prices.
The millionth Morris Minor leaves the production line, one of a series of 350 painted in a celebratory shade of lilac with white leather upholstery.
Jaguar Cars Limited buys Daimler and begins to offer ‘badge engineered’ Jaguars.
1961
The Cortina Mk I is introduced by Ford of Britain.
BMC introduce the Morris I IOO featuring a revolutionary ‘Hydrolastic’ suspension system.
The ‘MOT’ test is introduced by Ernest Marples, requiring that all cars over 10 years old are subjected to an annual test.
BMC chief, Sir Leonard Lord becomes Lord Lambury.
Commercial vehicle producers Leyland Motors acquire Standard Triumph and AEC.
Porsche introduce the W-RS Spyder race-car with its well-proven flat four power unit.
1962
Chevrolet introduce the Nova, a compact car with plain styling and 4 or 6 cylinder engines, designed to offer economical family motoring.
Ford UK introduces the Consul Cortina, an attractive medium-sized family saloon, powered by an 1198cc OHV engine. (The ‘Consul’ is dropped very quickly). Though launched as a two-door, a four-door body becomes available within a few months.
The W-RS Spyder, now powered by a 2.0-litre flat-eight engine, continues to build Porsche’s racing prowess by winning everything in sight.
1963
The Leyland Motor Corporation formed under the chairmanship of Sir Henry Spurrier.
Ford’s Cortina DeLuxe is now available with a 1498cc engine and also as high-performance Lotus model featuring a twin-cam engine and major suspension modifications.
Lord Nuffield dies aged 86.
The Hillman Imp is unveiled to compete with the BMC Mini. It features a light-alloy 4 cylinder, 875cc slant-4 engine, originally developed by Coventry Climax to power fire pumps. Manufactured at Linwood, a new Scottish production plant, this is the first car since the 1931 Arrol Johnston, to be made in Scotland.
NSU announce the Spyder their first car to use a Wankel engine.
Rover introduces the 2000 P6 saloon which wins them the European Car of the Year Award.
In Italy Feruccio Lamborghini Automobili founded in Sant’Agata near Bologna. The debut of the prototype 350 GTV takes place at the Turin Motor Show.
Porsche’s W-RS Spyder continues its winning ways at Le Mans and the Nurburgring.
1964
Triumph launches the 2000 family saloon.
The Ford Mustang is ‘released’ to great acclaim and achieves sales of more than 500,000 in its firs 18 months.
Following many years of crippling strikes at its British Light Steel Pressings Ltd factory, the Rootes Group sells a controlling interest to Chrysler.
Despite continuing disinterest, front seat belts supplied as standard in all American cars.
Having resigned his position after just 4 months in charge of The Leyland Motor Corporation Sir Henry Spurrier dies.
Porsche’s W-RS Spyder wins further season championships in the hands of Edgar Barth, before final retirement.
1965
BMC’s intended merger with the Pressed Steel Company is subjected to a report by the Monopolies Commission.
The British government introduces a 70 mph maximum speed "as a four month experiment" which is still with us today.
An automatic transmission, specially designed by AP is available to Mini buyers.
Rolls Royce’s launch Silver Shadow its first unit constructed car.
Ralph Nader publishes his book ‘Unsafe at Any Speed’ exposing safety standards severely compromised by USA manufacturers’ cost constraints. The rear-engined Chevrolet Corvair receives Nader’s particular attention.
1966
Jensen FF sports coupe is launched, featuring Fergusson’s four wheel drive system, Italian styling, a powerful V8 engine and anti-lock brakes.
British Motor Holdings is created by merging The Jaguar Group (Jaguar, Daimler, Guy, Coventry Climax, Henry Meadows) with BMC.
Ford UK update the Cortina with smoother, but boxier styling.
Largely as a result of Ralph Nader’s expose of the American Motor industry the U.S. Congress passes a rigorous auto safety act. Rear seat belts now supplied as standard equipment in all cars sold in the USA.
Peugeot and Renault agree to establish a partnership organisation, La Francaise de Mecanique, to manufacture common mechanical parts.
Sir William Lyons retires as the Managing Director, becoming Chairman and Chief Executive as Jaguar Cars Limited and the British Motor Corporation Limited announce the merger of the two companies.
1967
Panhard, France’s oldest car maker is disolved by its owners Citroen.
NSU produce the first series production passenger car to be powered by a Wankel engine, the Ro80.
Rover and Alvis are absorbed into the Leyland Motor Corporation.
Ford UK introduce the crossflow engine to their product range in 1300cc and 1600cc capacities.
Ford UK and Ford of Europe start to co ordinate development and production programmes to increase commonality of design and component use.
1968
Ford introduces the Escort range, including a high performance ‘twin-cam’ engined version.
The largest car company in British history is formed as British Motor Holdings merges with Leyland Motors to create British Leyland Motor Corporation.
Rover offers the Buick-based V8 in the P6 body-shell to create the 3005, later re-named the 3500.
As bitter strikes cripple industry Renault lose production of I000,000 vehicles.
Volkswagen introduces the 411 or ‘Variant’. Based on an extended ‘Beetle’ floor-pan it features a contemporary body-style and 2 or 4 doors. An estate (station wagon) version is also available.
Citroen buys Maserati, primarily, to take advantage of its engine know-how. Their forthcoming SM coupé will be powered by a Maserati V6 engine.
David Brown is knighted.
1969
Volkswagcn take over Audi.
Jaguar launches the XJ6.
The new British Leyland organisation introduces the Austin Maxi. Sir Alex Issigonis’s last project, in spite of its outstanding practicality, its boxy styling, sparse interior, lack of power and ‘notchy’ five-speed gearbox attracts criticism.
Renault and Peugeot start production of common components as a result of their 1966 agreement, at Douvrin, near Lens in Northern France.
Enzo Ferrari sells 50% of Ferrari’s share capital to Fiat.
1970
Land Rover launches an entirely new concept. The Range Rover is a luxury off-road car and, as an immediate sales success it points the way for rivals, laying the foundation for a whole new market sector.
Citroen launches two new aerodynamic models, the GS family car and the Masserati-powered SM sports saloon.
Italian styling house Ghia of Turin is acquired from Alessandro de Tomaso by Ford.
Mercedes build the C III experimental car to act as a test-bed for future road-car developments. Featuring dramatic aerodynamic styling and powered by a triple rotor Wankel engine developing 280bhp, it achieved a top speed of 160mph.
Japan’s monthly production output of 200,000 cars, makes it the world’s second biggest motor manufacturer.
Volkswagen reveals the K70, their first water cooled model.
Kjell Qvale, Norwegan born head of the ‘British Motor Car Distributors’ in San Francisco, takes over Jensen Motors.
The Chrysler 160/l80 range is launched at the Paris Salon.
The General Motors’ ‘family’ come together from all parts of the globe, under the leadership of Opel, Germany, to begin a project which will result in a ‘World Car’ to rival the success of the VW beetle. For Opel it will result in the Kadette C, small family car. Internationally it becomes known as GM’s ‘T Car’.
1971
Jensen ceases production of the four-wheel-drive ‘FF’ sports-car, but continues with the two-wheel drive ‘Interceptor’ version.
Morris Minor production finally comes to an end.
Peugeot and Renault join forces with Volvo to form a new joint-venture organisation. PRV will design and produce V-engines at their Douvrin production plant.
Mercedes preview the C111-2 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. Once again a test-bed vehicle it features a four-rotor Wankel engine rated at 350 bhp which took the car to 180mph.
Aston Martin’s financial performance causes difficulties, prompting the David Brown Group to sell to financiers. The DBS stays in production.
Jaguar reveals their VI2 production engine, making it available in an enlarged E-type as well as XJ6 and Daimler sedans. This makes them one of only a handful of manufacturers who have ever offered this configuration on a production basis.
Maserati introduce the Bora.
1972
A record l,900,000 cars produced by British motor industry in this year.
The success of Japanese cars becomes evident when Datsun becomes the second biggest importer of cars into Britain.
Maserati introduces the Merak.
Lotus Esprit mid-engined concept car shown on Giorgio Giugiario’s Ital Design stand at the Turin Motor Show.
Sir William Lyons retires as chairman of Jaguar, exactly 50 years after forming the company. Labour relations and production quality problems beset the whole British Leyland organisation, of which Daimler-Jaguar is a significant part.
1973
The Arab-Israeli War causes fuel supply problems and steep rises in pump prices for motorists throughout the world and the realisation that oil is a finite resource. The OPEC organisation becomes more powerful. In Britain motorists queue for petrol and speeds are restricted to 50mph to conserve national stocks and consumption.
Ford opens Bordeaux plant to manufacture automatic transmissions.
Volksvagen ‘Beetle’ production beats the Model T’s record.
Chevrolet offers airbags in some models as a reaction to a rise in fatal car accidents in the USA.
Alfa Romeo introduce the Alfasud, a small family car featuring front wheel drive, a flat-four ‘boxer’ engine, nimble handling and a bonded-in windscreen. The car is made in a new purpose built plant near Naples in Southern Italy – ‘sud’ being Italian for South.
The Bertone-styled Maserati Khamsin is launched into a tough sales environment.
The first fruits of the GM ‘T Car’ project appear in Brasil, with the launch of the Chevrolet Chevette and in Germany with the Opel Kadett C. Although superficially different all T Cars share the same mechanical configuration and many significant components.
1974
E. L. Cord dies
Gabriel Voisin, aeronautical pioneer, industrialist and car manufacturer dies.
The last of 11,916,519 VW ‘Beetles’ to be built at Wolfsburg, leaves the production line.
The VW Golf, a completely new water-cooled, front wheel drive model becomes and instant sales success and Karmann start production of the Scirocco sports coupe version. Both cars styled by Georgetto Guigaro.
Peugeot takes over Citroen to form PSA.
Plans for the Chevrolet Vega to be powered by the repeatedly delayed outcome of General Motors’ Wankel rotary engine project are abandoned and production continues with an alloy block/iron head 4 cylinder unit.
As a result of the previous year’s the fuel crisis, American sales of large-engined cars have slumped and manufacturers start to look at ways of improving fuel econonmy.
Ford begins research into the Stirling ‘hot air’ engine but having made considerable progress, as fuel prices drop back the urge to take the project all the way to production diminishes.
In spite of one million 127s leaving their production lines Fiat find themselves in deep financial difficulties.
The last E Type Jaguar leaves the Coventry factory.
The Douvrin-built PRV V6 engine appears for the first time in the Volvo 264 and soon after in the Peugeot 504 Coupé and Cabriolet models.
In an attempt to cut fatalities in the United States the maximum speed limit is reduced to 55 mph.
1975
Production of the Ford Escort MK1comes to an end.
Ford introduce the Escort MK2 with a squarer body style.
In America VW launch the Golf as the Rabbit.
Rolls Royce unveil the Camargue with Italian styling by Pininfarina, hand- built on the Silver Shadow floor pan at their Mulliner Park Ward coach-building division. Priced at £29,250, it is the first car in the world to feature completely automatic split-level air conditioning and the first Rolls Royce to be designed in metric dimensions.
Porsche announce the 911 Carrera Turbo.
Chrysler UK, in financial difficulties is propped up by the British Government. The introduction of the French built Alpine brings in vital sales.
Volvo takes a majority shareholding in Holland’s DAF car and truck manufacturer.
The Douvrin-built PRV V6 is introduced in the Peugeot 604 and Renault 30 TS models.
Citroen replaces the DS21 with the CX which is voted European Car of the Year.
British Leyland, struggling against a tide of strikes and a poor reputation gets an injection of £200,000,000 from the UK Government.
Jaguar launch the XJS to replace the E type. Due to stringent American crash regulations earlier plans to include a roadster in the range have been dropped.
Lotus Cars start production of the new mid-engined Esprit and confirm their move up-market with front-engined Eclat.
All American cars now come with catalytic converters in the exhaust system in an effort to cut air polluting emissions.
Citroën pulls out of Maserati, leaving Alejandro De Tomaso and GEPI to come to the rescue a few months later.
VW introduce the Polo, the third of their ‘new generation’ cars.
The UK gets its own version of the GM T-Car, the Vauxhall Chevette. A unique aerodynamic ‘droop-snoot’ front-end, designed by Vauxhall Chief-Stylist, Wayne Cherry complements the neat hatch-back body tub.
Australia launches its version of the ‘T Car’, the Holden Gemini, in 4-door saloon (sedan) and stylish coupé versions.
1976
The Chrysler Alpine voted European Car of the Year.
The Renault Alpine A310 sports-car is launched with a rear mounted PRV ‘Douvrin’ V6 engine.
Ford’s first front drive car, the Fiesta, announced.
The Golf GTi debuts at the Frankfurt International Motor Show establishing a new market sector later known as the ‘Hot Hatch’.
Rover launch the 3500 ‘SD1’ a roomy saloon with Ferrari Daytona inspired styling and the ex-Buick alloy V8 engine.
VW introduce a small diesel engine to the golf range.
Mercedes reveal the C111-3. Where its two predecessors had been powered by Wankel rotary engines, this one has a 5 cylinder turbo-charged/inter-cooled Diesel engine producing 180 bhp. At Nardo test track on June 12th, at an average speed of around 150mph, the C111-3 either establishes or brake a total of 16 world speed and endurance records, some of which pertained regardless of its engine type.the
Vauxhall’s ‘T Car’ Chevette appears in the UK as a 2 or 4 door saloon (sedan).
1977
Michael Edwardes takes over the helm of the British Leyland conglomerate, together with its labour relations, production quality and public perception .
Volkswagen cease production of the ‘Beetle’ in Germany forty years after production began.
Rover’s 3500 ‘SD1’ wins the European Car of the Year award.
Merger plans between Swedish manufacturers Saab and Volvo are abandoned.
Production of the Wankel rotary engined NSU Ro80 comes to an end.
Porsche introduce 924 and 928 models, both featuring front-mounted water-cooled engines and rear transaxles. The 924 is an aborted VW project and thus contains a high percentage of WV parts-bin components, including the engine from the Transporter van. The V8 powered 928 is eventually intended to take over from the 911 and wins the European Car of The Year Award.
1978
The Volvo DAF conglomerate slips into financial difficulties. The Dutch Government comes to the rescue with financial aid.
British Leyland shows substantial signs of recovery in the hands of Michael Edwardes but the company’s future is far from secure.
Toyo Kogyo launch the Mazda RX7, a two-seat sports coupe powered by a Wankel rotary engine.
Ford introduces the Fiesta, their first front-wheel-drive small family car. It is to be made at plants in England, Spain and Germany.
1979
Rolls Royce Motor Company is sold to Vickers for £38m as part of the Rolls-Royce engineering group.
Rover begins collaboration with Honda.
Maserati Bora production comes to an end.
Simca- Matra complete the first model of new and practical concept in personal transportation. Based on a single-box van-like shape but with a car-like interior and comfortable flexible seating for up to seven people, the P17 concept is rejected by Talbot-Simca, prompting Matra to approach Renault and to develop the concept further in prototype P18. The MPV is on its way!
1980
Rear wheel drive Escort Mk2 production comes to an end to make way for the new front-wheel-drive Escort Mk3.
Bitter strikes at British Leyland provoke chairman Sir Michael Edwardes to threaten "Return to work or lose your jobs."
Daimler-Jaguar division of British Leyland gets John Egan as its new Chairman. Egan sets about rebuilding pride in the quality of design and production, lost since British Leyland’s formation.
1981
General Motors announces the launch of the Saturn project in the USA, with the intention of creating a new brand and new products from scratch.
John Z DeLorean, former General Motors high-flyer, launches the DMC-12, his stainless steel gull-wing dream car into a world of recession and high interest rates. Designed by Georgetto Guigaro, engineered by Lotus Cars and powered by the Douvrin PRV V6 engine it appears over-priced against stiff opposition and quality issues compound the problem.
Maserati launch the Biturbo range of coupes, spyders and saloons powered by twin-turbocharged all-alloy V6 engines.
1982
Honda starts production at its first US factory.
Having built 8,563 DMC-12s, the DeLorean Motor Company’s factory in Northern Ireland goes into receivership and after a few months, the British government, DeLorean’s biggest creditor by far, issues orders to shut it down.
Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman dies suddenly aged 54, having grown Lotus into an extraordinarily successful Grand Prix team, a substantial low-volume sports car production specialist and an extremely reputable auto-engineering consultancy.
1983
Lexus is announced as the name of Toyota’s new luxury brand in the USA and Europe, intended to allow them to overcome brand prejudice and compete head to head with the prestige European and American manufacturers.
Maserati end production of the Merak
1984
Japanese manufacturer Toyo Kogyo changes its name to Mazda Motor Corporation.
Renault release the new Espace, the first MPV, designed, developed and built for them by Matra at their assembly plant in Romorontin, near Paris.
1985
Chrysler buys AMC and takes over production of the Jeep range.
Founder of Jaguar, Sir William Lyons, dies as the company sees its reputation for quality and value return.
1986
Volkswagen takes a 51% share in Spanish car makers SEAT.
1987
The Ford Motor Company acquires a 75% shareholding in Aston Martin Lagonda.
1988
The new Lincoln Continental is Ford’s first car with a six-cylinder engine and front-wheel drive.
Fiat acquires additional shares in Ferrari, taking its total shareholding to 90%.
Enzo Ferrari dies in Modena, aged 90.
British Aerospace buys Rover Group.
1989
General Motors takes a 50% stake in Saab of Sweden.
General Motors introduces the Geo brand to market Suzuki, Isuzu, and Toyota models in the USA.
Lexus introduces its first model, the LS400.
Honda announces plans to establish European car production by expanding its existing manufacturing facilities at Swindon UK
Honda starts Civic production at its East Liberty, Ohio plant.
Ford takes over Jaguar Cars, promising to build on the unique identity and brand values of the Jaguar name.
1990
Vickers Rolls Royce and BMW announce a joint venture company to build aero-engines – BMW Rolls-Royce GmbH.
Following Czech government approval, VW establishes a new partnership with Skoda.
1992
The Dodge Viper is released with a steel chassis, a glass-fibre body and a 400 horsepower light-alloy V10 engine.
1993
Maserati is bought outright by Fiat.
With development input from parent company Ford, Jaguar announces a vastly improved XJ6.
Sir David Brown, former owner of Aston-Martin Lagonda, dies aged 89.
Aston Martin introduce the DB7, with sleek, modern bodywork, strong six cylinder engines and Jaguar XJS underpinnings. Produced at a dedicated factory in Bloxham, near Banbury in Oxfordshire, it soon begins to achieve sales levels previously unheard of for any Aston Martin.
1994
BMW buys Rover Cars from British Aerospace.
McLaren Cars, previously successful as Formula 1 racing car constructors, introduce the F1 sports supercar. Designed by Gordon Murray and Peter Stevens it features a BMW V12 engine, a top speed well in excess of 200 mph and a price in excess of £500,000.00.
The Ford Motor Company acquires the outstanding 25% interest Aston Martin Lagonda to gain complete control.
1996
The Museum of Modern Art in New York places an early E-Type roadster on permanent display, only the third car to given this honour.
Jaguar introduces the V8 Powered XK8 as a replacement for the venerable XJS.
1997
Vickers put Rolls-Royce Motor Cars up for sale to the highest bidder.
1998
Ferrari takes control of Maserati, and closes the factory for a complete refit and modernisation.
VW announce the New Beetle. A modern stylised interpretation of the original, it shares its floor-pan and many mechanical components with the front-wheel drive Golf.
Rolls Royce is sold after an acrimonious bidding war between Volkswagen and BMW. The final outcome is that, while VW wins the production plant at Crewe and the Bentley brand name, BMW buys the rights to use the Rolls Royce name and announces its plan to develop a new generation of cars which will be built at its own British factory from 2003.
Chrysler and Daimler Benz merge to form Daimler-Chrysler. Initial indications are that the two businesses will remain autonomous.
1999
Volvo sells its car-making division to Ford Motor Company but continues to manufacture trucks.
Aston Martin becomes part of Ford’s Premier Automotive Group joining Jaguar, Lincoln and Volvo, enabling it to call on a pool of expertise, financial and technical resources which would otherwise have been way beyond its reach.
2000
Having invested considerably in the Rover Group and struggled unsuccessfully to make it pay, BMW withdraws and ‘sells’ Rover and MG to The Phoenix Group for a token £1.00. BMW retains the rights to brands Mini, Triumph, Riley and Land Rover, the last of which it then sells to Ford.
2001
Under the ownership of BMW Rolls-Royce move production from Derby to a new, purpose built factory next to the old Grand Prix circuit at Goodwood, West Sussex.
BMW release the ‘NEW MINI’, a modern interpretation of the original Mini built at the former Morris Abingdon plant. Powered by a South-American built, Chrysler-sourced engine, it retains the original’s cheeky appeal and dynamic handling.
In the UK, a new Licence-plate numbering system is introduced.
Jaguar Cars introduce the X Type, based on an extended version of Ford’s European Mondeo floorpan with transverse engine and 4 wheel-drive.
2002
Rolls Royce complete their new factory and commence production of the new Phantom, due for delivery to customers on the 1st January 2003.
Named after the company’s founder Enzo, Ferrari introduce the Enzo supercar. Made of carbonfibre and incorporating much else in the way of Formula 1 technology, its all-alloy, 660 bhp, V12 engine endows the Enzo with a top speed of 217.5 mph.
2003
First customers for Rolls Royce’s New Phantom take delivery on 1st January as promised and world-wide deliveries commence.
Production of the ‘Beetle’ finally comes to an end at VW’s Puebla, plant in Mexico.
Matra’s production-line closes at Romorontin, following commercial failure of Renault’s Avantime and their decision to take Espace production in-house. Matra and its facilities are sold to Italian styling house and niche production specialists Pininfarina SpA, who rename the company Matra Automobile Engineering.
Peter Morgan, son of Morgan founder ‘HFS’ dies aged 84, leaving the business in the safe hands of his son Charles.
Now owned by Volkwagen, Bentley introduces their first all-new design. Based on VW’s large-car platform, the new Continental GT features a contemporary body (styled in-house), 4 wheel drive and an extensively re-engineered version of VW’s 6 litre W12 engine, twin-turbocharged to produce 552bhp.
2004
Car production in the UK reaches its highest level in five years. Britain’s biennial motor show has its last event at the National Exhibition Centre before its move back to London.
More than 40 years after it was launched, the e-type Jaguar has a special exhibition devoted to it at London’s Design Museum.
Production begins on the Aston Martin Volante.
24 year old Russian multimillionaire Nikolas Smolensky purchased Blackpool based TVR for £15 million.
2005
MG Rover -the last "traditional" British mid-sized car manufacturer goes into administration with the key assets finally being purchased by China based Nanjing Automobie Group. Thousands of jobs are lost although there is hope that small scale car manufacturing could return to the same Longbridge plant sometime in the future.
Elsewhere in the Midlands, production begins on the new Aston Martin Vantage.
2006
Honda and the MINI brand continue to help the UK economy as both enjoy increased investment resulting in new jobs. Honda plans to add a further 700 people to its UK workforce, while the world-wide success of the MINI will result in a further 1200 jobs in manufacturing and assorted component industries.
Nissan announce that its new Qashqai car will be built at the company’s Sunderland plant, with the cars being exported across the globe, including Japan. The Qashqai is described as a crossover -effectively a passenger car with a sleek dynamic top half combined with SUV attributes of large pronounced wheel arches and slightly elevated ground clearance. In terms of its size its sits between C-segment hatchbacks and SUVs.
Lotus announces it is to produce a new mid-engined sports car which should be available in about two years time.
The 1½ millionth Honda Civic rolls of the production line at Bridgend.
TVR, the innovative Blackpool based specialist sports car company finally closes its doors after a long battle to remain in production. Owners, enthusiasts and employees meet up for a final celebration in Blackpool.
The British Motor Show returns to London after several decades in the West Midlands. The new venue is the Excel Centre on the banks of the River Thames and nearly 500,000 people attend.
The 30,000th Aston Martin is produced, while the Jaguar XK coupe wins Britain’s car of the year award and luxury car of the year awards.
2007
The Bentley marque enjoys continued success under the parentage of Volkswagen and its newest model is the company’s fastest ever production car -the Bentley Continental GT Speed. It has a top speed of over 200 mph and can get from 0-60 mph in just 4.3 seconds. It is offered for sale in Britain at £137,500.
Manufacturers around the world put more effort and resources into designing and building more environmentally friendly vehicles as the price of oil increases and there is greater awareness of the damage that harmful pollutants are causing from traditional petrol based engined cars.
Britain’s young motor racing star Lewis Hamilton very nearly becomes the new world F1 motor racing champion in his first season -eventually being beaten in the final race. His success though reignites interest in motor sport around the world.
2008
Ford accepts an offer by the rapidly expanding Tata Motors of India for the purchase of Land Rover and Jaguar. The Indian company say their aim is to ensure the cars will remain essentially British.
As the Model T celebrates its 100th anniversary, Ford also announces plans for a year long celebration of the iconic car around the world. One initiative is for a surviving car to be displayed in the "glass tank’ outside the Design Museum in London.
The new Roewe 550 is unveiled at the Shanghai Motor Show in China with the hope that the car may eventually be produced at the old MG Rover plant at Longbridge.
In the US, General Motors announces annual losses for 2007 of billion -the largest ever loss by a US car manufacturer and a further sign that many of the older established car makers are struggling to compete with the surge of production from Asia.
See – History of Motor Car / Automobile Inventions and Improvements
Plastic Injection Moulding is the process of injecting heated plastic by means of a heated barrel, where it is mixed, into a mould cavity exactly where it cools into the configuration of the mould. The process is utilised to create each thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic supplies.
Alexander Parkes, a British engineer, invented the first artificial plastic in the mid nineteenth century. Naming the material Parkesine, Parkes demonstrated that his creation could be heated, moulded, and cooled, retaining its shape after it had set. Parkesine was a lengthy way from the plastics we know right now it was really flammable, high-priced, and prone to cracking. Plastics created more than the remainder of the century, even though it was not particularly a extensively utilised material until the middle of the subsequent century.
American inventors John and Isaiah Hyatt patented the first plastic injection moulding machine in 1868. The device was incredibly straightforward compared to the injection moulding machines the business uses today it primarily pushed plastic via a large, heated hypodermic needle into a mould (or “mold”, as it is spelled in America). The fundamental procedure remains the same now, but it surely does not use a plunger to do it!
James Watson Hendry, another American inventor, created the first screw injection machine following the demand for low-cost plastic merchandise created by the Second Globe War. The machine gave its operator considerably greater control more than the speed and quantity of plastic injected into the mould, generating significantly much more usefully developed merchandise, and permitted for mass production. Hendry later created a gas assisted injection moulding procedure, which allowed for considerably larger things, such as hollow goods simply because of the much faster cooling time.
Injection moulding machines nowadays consist of a hopper for the material, a precisely crafted screw or injection ram plunger, and a heating unit. Moulds themselves have been quite high-priced to manufacture, so for a extended time had been utilised only for goods that have been to be developed in really large quantities to make it worthwhile. Traditionally produced from steel and hardened steel compounds which are nevertheless in use these days moulds can now be created from aluminium and significantly less costly supplies, making it less complicated to mass create differently made items. The price of the mould is nevertheless very high compared to the production price of the items, so efficiency increases when a lot more products are created.
Though initially utilized for much smaller sized applications such as combs and buttons, plastic injection moulding is now utilised for several various merchandise in the automotive market, as properly as bottle caps, chairs and tables, musical instruments fairly much every single plastic product available in today’s marketplace.
Connected Gas Assisted Mould Items Articles
The fitting molds are usually utilized for the sake of joining, installing and finishing the pipes in some of the place. These fittings will be obtainable in different sizes, shapes and also design for the sake of suit different kinds of requirements. Any type of this item need to be simply modified as per the necessity. There are lots of Pipe Fitting Mould manufacturers who have their own on the internet shops, by which, you can purchase your needed fitting and it is really straightforward. This on the web buy facilitates the chances of cost comparison. These fittings could also be requested on a bulk basis and henceforth, assist basic organization. The Pipe Fitting Mould producer that you picked ought to have been in this enterprise for quite a while and accordingly, a solid partnership can definitely be produced between them.
If you desire to attempt the greatest top quality pipes, the carbon steel pipe mold should be favorites for you. This is also a favored sort of pipe primarily utilized for the purpose of plumbing these days. These pipes are also utilized in the chemical and mining production. Though designing the steel, carbon pipe fittings, the requirement of the buyers are constantly measured. Later, it can be customized by blending the essential amount of carbon. The carbon steel fittings are measured amazingly beneficial to be maintained and as they are impervious to erosion, these can be viewed as useful when contrasted with some other kind of fitting. The necessity of pipe fittings has observed a lots of expansion as development is occurring at a quickly pace.
Plastic mold has been made around about 40 years. It possesses a quite crucial position in the procedure of plastic molding. Plastic mold requires a extremely crucial portion in the mold business. This technologies is also a a single of the imperative signs of a nation’s level in mechanized procedures. In the international group, with a specific end objective to significantly enhance the circumstance advancement, a couple of nations have propped up the pertinent approaches.
In China, the design and style of the mold has been accomplished for one hundred years. The percentage of plastic mold in really a lot important and this year’s export percentages are as high as 50% to 60%. Today, it turns a extensive science as nicely as technology. At the exact same time, most of the individual has more accepting of polymers. The manufacturing strategy of the various parameters modified the deep realization. The configuration of Plastic Mould China goes to the new platform as a strategy for evaluates and reenactment computer based. Contrasted with Plastic Mould China and the customary styles tactics, top quality, speed and accuracy as nicely as the mold fabricating procedures and profit have a vital leap forward.
You will trust that is taught you somewhat about the process of the production high quality handle method that organizations experience. Only single word of warning nonetheless – a ton of top quality assurance organizations in China will give pretty much as trashy administrations as the plants they imply to verify.
Some cool chinese mold makers photos:
Image from page 184 of “The dragon, image, and demon or, The 3 religions of China: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, giving an account of the mythology, idolatry, and demonolatry of the Chinese” (1887)
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Identifier: dragonimagedemon1887dubo
Title: The dragon, image, and demon or, The three religions of China: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, giving an account of the mythology, idolatry, and demonolatry of the Chinese
Year: 1887 (1880s)
Authors: DuBose, Hampden C
Subjects: Taoism Buddhism Confucianism
Publisher: New York, A. C. Armstrong & son
Contributing Library: Harold B. Lee Library
Digitizing Sponsor: Brigham Young University
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uddha praised the man, and mentioned this stream was onlya few miles wide, but that faith would carry a single acrossthe gulf of life and death. Visits Heaven.—Once, whilst speaking on a mountainin Ceylon, he was said to have been baptized with firefrom heaven. Not only did he travel throughout India and Ceylon, buthe also went to heaven and preached to the star divinitiesand all the assembly of the gods. He stated if the evilstars send illness or pestilence upon mortals let thepeople chant as follows (Sanscrit): and eighty thousandcurses will grow to be eighty thousand blessings. Heremained in heaven 3 months, and his light darkenedthe stars. Pictures.—When Buddha was paying this lengthy check out 184 The Dragofiy Image, and Demon. to heaven, and enjoying the society of his mother, the kingof Oujein missed him so tremendously that he produced an imageof Buddha. An angel announced the truth in the celestialregions, and on three pairs of stairs a heavenly hostaccompanied him on his descension. The king brought
Text Appearing Right after Image:
The Image-Maker. on his head the image, and when it was presented toBuddha it shook hands at him whom it represented.Buddha formally addressed the image : Following my deceaseyou will do great things. I give my disciples into yourhands. Then standing on the reduce step of the heavenlystairway he turned to the king of Oujein and stated, There Buddha, the Night of Asia. 185 is no one like you bringing acquire and happiness on allcreatures. The Eegent of the skies then spoke to theking and stated, When Buddha was in heaven he waspraising the image-maker. Buddha once again spoke, Any person who makes an image, even a fingers length, of gold,silver, brass, iron, stone, earth, wood, glue, varnish, em-broidery, silk, or incense or who will cut, mould, sew, orpaint Buddhas image, will have all blessings and escapeall sins. This is the second and excellent commandment ofBuddhism. Relics.—Two merchants visited Shakya. Oh!Buddha, we are about to separate from you, what shall wevenerate as an object of worship ? He st
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Some cool china huge size mold images:
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Northrop P-61C Black Widow
Image by Chris Devers
Examine & contrast:
Northrop P-61C Black widow:
* Front view
* Above view
Star Wars ARC-170 Fighter:
* Official page
* Wikia
* Wikipedia
* Toy assessment
I place it to you that they are the Exact same Factor.
* twin engines
* double-cockpit in front
* gunner’s cockpit in back
* broad wing coming out from the middle
***************
Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Northrop P-61C Black Widow:
The P-61 Black Widow was the very first U.S. aircraft developed to locate and destroy enemy aircraft at night and in negative climate, a feat made attainable by the use of on-board radar. The prototype first flew in 1942. P-61 combat operations started just following D-Day, June six, 1944, when Black Widows flew deep into German airspace, bombing and strafing trains and road site visitors. Operations in the Pacific began at about the very same time. By the finish of Globe War II, Black Widows had observed combat in each and every theater and had destroyed 127 enemy aircraft and 18 German V-1 buzz bombs.
The Museum’s Black Widow, a P-61C-1-NO, was delivered to the Army Air Forces in July 1945. It participated in cold-climate tests, higher-altitude drop tests, and in the National Thunderstorm Project, for which the prime turret was removed to make space for thunderstorm monitoring gear.
Transferred from the United States Air Force.
Manufacturer:
Northrop Aircraft Inc.
Date:
1943
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
All round: 450 x 1500cm, 10637kg, 2000cm (14ft 9 three/16in. x 49ft two 9/16in., 23450.3lb., 65ft 7 3/8in.)
Image from web page 40 of “Horsford’s descriptive catalogue of hardy ornamentals herbaceous plants bulbs ferns shrubs and vines” (1894)
Image by Internet Archive Book Pictures
Identifier: horsfordsdescrip1894fhho
Title: Horsford’s descriptive catalogue of hardy ornamentals herbaceous plants bulbs ferns shrubs and vines
Year: 1894 (1890s)
Authors: F.H. Horsford (Firm) Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection
Subjects: Nursery stock Catalogs Flowers Seeds Catalogs Orchids Catalogs Bulbs (Plants) Catalogs Horticulture Vermont
Publisher: Charlotte, Vt. : F.H. Horsford
Contributing Library: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library
Digitizing Sponsor: U.S. Division of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library
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lored fruit. Finefor covering old walls, stone heaps or any sim-ilar object. 15 cts. every single, two for 25 cts seeds,5 cts. per pkt., 10 cts. per oz. CHIOGENES serpyllifolia (Running Birch). Asmall, prostrate, creeping evergreen. Needsa cool, moist and sheltered place, in peat orleaf-mold. A bog-vine. 10 cts. every single. CLEMATIS crispa. This is a southern species,with massive, light purple or lavender flowers.A single of the best. 15 cts. each and every, two for 25 cts. C. coccinea (Scarlet Clematis). A fine south-ern species, with scarlet flowers. 15 cts. every single,two for 25 cts. C. vitalba (White Vine). At times calledTravelers Joy. Flowers white, sweet-scented.Fruit tailed. A hardy species from Europe andWestern Asia. 15 cts. every, two for 25 cts.seeds, 5 cts. C. viticella (Vine Bower). Flowers large,drooping blue, purple or rose-colored. Europeand Asia. Hardy. 20 cts. each seeds, five cts.per pkt. C. Jackmanni. Handsome, large, dark purpleflowers. 35 cts. every. Hardy Ornamentals, Herbaceous Plants, Etc. 37
Text Appearing After Image:
Clematis Jackmanni. CLEMATIS, continued. C. virginiana (Virgins Bower)hardy, quick-increasing species,with quite white, fragrantflowers, followed by the at-tractive feather-tailed fruit inautumn. 15 cts. each, perdozen seeds, 5 cts. per pkt.C. paniculata. A single of thehandsomest species in culti-vation, of sturdy, climbinhabit usually 12 feet higher, andcovered with white, fragrantflowers. A fine speciesnative of Japan, and quitehardy. 50 cts. each.C. ligusticifolia. A speciesbut little identified. From Ore-gon. 40 cts. every.C. graveolens. A little, hardy, climbing species, from Chi-nese Tartary. Flowers pale yellow, solitary, of medium size.15 cts. every single, per dozen.C Viorna (Leather-flower). Flowerslarge, drooping, purple-yellow inside.A hardy native. 25 cts every.C. tubulosa (Davidiana). This spe-cies does not effectively belong to theclimbing, twisting class. The stem iserect, practically woody, 2 to three feet higher.The flowers are blue, with a extended, slen-der tube. A native of China. Hardy.35 cts. eac
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